Autonomous Systems

An Autonomous system (AS) is a group of routers and hosts run by a single technical administrator that has a single, clearly defined routing policy. Each AS uses a unique AS number assigned by the appropriate Internet Registry entity. LANs and WANs that interconnect by IP routers form a group of networks called an internetwork. For administrative purposes, internetworks divide into boundaries known as autonomous systems.

The following figure shows a sample internetwork segmented into three autonomous systems.

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Internetwork segmented into three autonomous systems

BGP exchanges information between autonomous systems as well as between routers within the same AS. As shown in the preceding figure, routers that are members of the same AS and exchange BGP updates run internal BGP (iBGP), and routers that are members of different autonomous systems and exchange BGP updates run external BGP (eBGP).

Internal and external BGP routing

The switch supports both iBGP intra-AS routing and eBGP external-AS routing. With iBGP, each router within an AS runs an interior gateway protocol (IGP), such as Routing Information Protocol (RIP) or Open Shortest Path First (OSPF). The iBGP information, along with the IGP route to the originating BGP border router, determines the next hop to use to exchange information with an external AS. Each router uses iBGP exclusively to determine reachability to external autonomous systems. After a router receives an iBGP update destined for an external AS, it passes the update to IP for inclusion in the routing table only if a viable IGP route to the correct border gateway is available.

BGP speakers in different autonomous systems use eBGP communicate routing information.

BGP speaker

BGP routers employ an entity within the router, referred to as a BGP speaker, which transmits and receives BGP messages and acts upon them. BGP speakers establish a peer-to-peer session with other BGP speakers to communicate.

All BGP speakers within an AS must be fully meshed. The following figure shows a BGP network with fully-meshed BGP speakers.

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BGP networks

Transit AS

An AS with more than one BGP speaker can use iBGP to provide a transit service for networks located outside the AS. An AS that provides this service is a transit AS. As shown in the preceding figure, BGP networks , AS 40 is the transit AS. AS 40 provides information about the internal networks, as well as transit networks, to the remaining autonomous systems. The iBGP connections between routers D, E, and F provide consistent routing information to the autonomous systems.

Stub and multihomed autonomous systems

As shown in the preceding figure, BGP networks , an AS can include one or more BGP speakers that establish peer-to-peer sessions with BGP speakers in other autonomous systems to provide external route information for the networks within the AS.

A stub AS has a single BGP speaker that establishes a peer-to-peer session with one external BGP speaker. In this case, the BGP speaker provides external route information only for the networks within its own AS.

A multihomed AS has multiple BGP speakers.

Peers

BGP uses Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) as a transport protocol. When two routers open a TCP connection to each other for the purpose of exchanging routing information, they form a peer-to-peer relationship. In the preceding figure, BGP networks, Routers A and D are BGP peers, as are Routers B and E, C and E, F and G, and Routers D, E, and F.

Although Routers A and D run eBGP, Routers D, E, and F within AS 40 run iBGP. The eBGP peers directly connect to each other, while the iBGP peers do not. As long as an IGP operates and allows two neighbors to logically communicate, the iBGP peers do not require a direct connection.

Note

Note

You cannot create the same iBGP peers on two different VRFs, or the same eBGP peers on two different chassis. Only one local autonomous system (AS) can exist for each chassis or VRF.

Because all BGP speakers within an AS must be fully meshed logically, the iBGP mesh can grow to large proportions and become difficult to manage. You can reduce the number of peers within an AS by creating confederations and route reflectors.

BGP peers exchange complete routing information only after the peers establish a connection. Thereafter, BGP peers exchange routing updates. An update message consists of a network number, a list of autonomous systems that the routing information passed through (the AS path), and other path attributes that describe the route to a set of destination networks. When multiple paths exist, BGP compares the path attributes to choose the preferred path. Even if you disable BGP, the system logs all BGP peer connection requests. For more information about update messages, see BGP Updates.

Supernet advertisements

BGP has no concept of address classes. Each network listed in the network layer reachability information (NLRI) portion of an update message contains a prefix length field, which describes the length of the mask associated with the network. The prefix length field allows for both supernet and subnet advertisement. The supernet advertisement is what makes classless interdomain routing (CIDR) possible (see CIDR and aggregate addresses).

Bandwidth and maintenance reduction

BGP provides two features that reduce the high bandwidth and maintenance costs associated with a large full-mesh topology:

Note

Note

Confederations and route reflectors are not supported on iBGP for non-default VRFs.

For information on confederations and route reflectors, see Routing information consolidation.